Mathematics,
a Virtual Instrument for Exploring the Universe and Beyond

Tridimensional high resolution visualization of the Verhulst dynamics -'Time Ships', a Tribute to Stephen Baxter-

374 Pages, 10614 Pictures and Animations between Science and Art

Jean-François COLONNA (on 11/17/1994)with its fractal mountains

Jean-François COLONNA
www.lactamme.polytechnique.fr

nom_du_CMAP_1CHANGE_DE_LIGNEnom_de_l_UMRCHANGE_DE_LIGNEnom_de_l_EcolePolytechniqueCHANGE_DE_LIGNEnom_de_l_InstitutPolytechniqueDeParisCHANGE_DE_LIGNEFrance

Les Mathématiques,
un Instrument Virtuel pour explorer l'Univers et au-delà

Fractal Self-Portrait -a Tribute to René Magritte-

374 Pages, 10614 Images et Animations entre la Science et l'Art

(CMAP28 WWW site: this page was created on 11/14/1994 and last updated on 05/19/2026 19:10:21 -CEST-)

Are we ready for the Year 2038?
----------
Notre informatique est-elle prête pour l'An 2038?
Full Site Contents
----------
Contenu complet du Site
Real Numbers don't exist in Computers and Floating Point Computations aren't safe
----------
Les Nombres Réels n'existent pas dans les Ordinateurs et les Calculs Flottants ne sont pas sûrs.

Often considered useless, Mathematics, without being always aware of it, are omnipresent in everyday life (LED's, cell phone, digital picture, GPS Tridimensional localization of a point P its distances to the four vertices of a tetrahedron ABCD being known , Artificial Intelligence,...). But they are above all the Language of Science and Industry and their formidable efficiency in this field is perhaps a revealer of their deep nature. Today, powerfully assisted by computers, they can also be considered, alongside the microscope and the telescope, as a virtual optical instrument which every day unveils new and mysterious aspects of our Universe -including ourselves- and beyond... Often considered useless, Mathematics, without being always aware of it, are omnipresent in everyday life (LED's, cell phone, digital picture, GPS Tridimensional localization of a point P its distances to the four vertices of a tetrahedron ABCD being known , Artificial Intelligence,...). But they are above all the Language of Science and Industry and their formidable efficiency in this field is perhaps a revealer of their deep nature. Today, powerfully assisted by computers, they can also be considered, alongside the microscope and the telescope, as a virtual optical instrument which every day unveils new and mysterious aspects of our Universe -including ourselves- and beyond...

Mathematics:

For many of us, and especially among young people, Mathematics is seen as useless and absent from everyday life. If it is perceived this way, at least three groups are responsible:

  • On the one hand, teachers of all disciplines (and particularly in the sciences) maybe do not make the necessary effort, but do they have the means?

  • On the other hand, policymakers who define the broad outlines of educational policies.

  • Finally, Mathematics itself. Indeed, it is quite difficult to see the relevance of research dealing with:

And yet, a simple story can make this relevance obvious. Thus, geometry (so-called Euclidean geometry), which is taught from primary school with its triangles, squares, and so on, is based on a few axioms. One of them, the parallel postulate The parallel axiom of the Euclidian Geometry , was in fact, for two millennia, a conjecture that many tried to prove as a theorem, but in vain. In the mid-19th century, it became necessary to face the facts: it could only be an axiom (and therefore unprovable). Several great mathematicians such as Carl Friedrich Gauss, Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, and Bernhard Riemann then imagined new geometries by "playing" with this axiom. Physicists, particularly those studying the universe, thus found themselves with new tools: it was up to them to determine which were useful. And so, in 1915, Albert Einstein published a revolutionary paper, "General Relativity", in which he showed that the four-dimensional spacetime is not Euclidean: it is a so-called Riemannian manifold whose curvature determines the trajectories of masses/energies, which themselves produce this curvature:

Gravitation and space-time curvature


Very quickly, many physicists embraced the theory and in particular Georges Lemaître, who realized that, despite Albert Einstein's belief, the Universe could not be static. In 1929, observations by Edwin Hubble (in collaboration with Milton Humason) and Vesto Melvin Slipher showed that other galaxies appeared to be moving away from us, the Milky Way, at speeds that increased with their distance, this being seen by a spectroscopic analysis of their light, which shows a redshift in the frequencies. Therefore, the Universe was not static but expanding, and if one plays the "film in reverse," it must show a contraction toward a singularity (of zero dimension and infinite density, within the framework of General Relativity, disregarding Quantum Mechanics...). This singularity was nicknamed the "Big Bang" by Fred Hoyle in the 1950s, intending to mock the theory in favor of his own steady-state model. However, it was later proven that his model was not consistent with observations and measurements.

General Relativity thus allows for the description of the Universe in its entirety:

Artistic view of the Cosmic Web (nodes, galaxy clusters, filaments,... including 1.083.984 galaxies)obtained by means of a non deterministic fractal process


but also of phenomena that are difficult to grasp due to how cataclysmic they are, such as black holes or gravitational waves:

Artistic view of gravitational waves


It should be noted that Albert Einstein had predicted the possible existence of gravitational waves, adding that they would probably never be detected. In fact, it took a century before the two LIGO interferometers in the USA (in Washington state and Louisiana) "saw" the first ones on 09/14/2015. For me, this is the finest example of a discovery made thanks to Mathematics, as without them, these waves would not have been detected by chance, unlike the expansion of the Universe, which could have been observed "simply" by the redshift of the light from distant galaxies, even if Georges Lemaître had not yet highlighted it thanks to General Relativity...

In our daily lives, it seems quite useless and far removed from our everyday concerns... But this is completely misunderstood and ignored by the general public! For example, GPS, which is omnipresent in everyday life, relies on measuring space through measurements of time, yet time and space are intimately linked. Without taking General Relativity into account (as well as Special Relativity...), GPS would be of very limited use!

Mathematics is everywhere in everyday life, but also, of course, in industry and in the most fundamental research: without it, for example, there would be no quantum mechanics and therefore no integrated circuits, and even less so computers and mobile phones.

One cannot escape the feeling that these mathematical formulas have their own existence, that they are more erudite than those who discover them and that we can extract more science from them than it was input at their creation.

(Heinrich Hertz, XIXth century).

But why is this so? Why such "formidable effectiveness" (Eugene Wigner, Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963)? And what is Mathematics? In fact, several points of view are possible:
  • They are a game of the mind, as illustrated by the conjectures:

    Visualization of the Proth-Gilbreath Conjecture process for G(Pi(1.0025x10^15))=806.


  • They offer an unlimited set of analogies:

    Foggy seaboard


  • They compress measurements and bring out new laws:

    N-body problem integration (N=2)displaying a perfect Keplerian orbit


  • They are THE language of the Universe (Galileo, 16-17th centuries)

    Free fall in the vacuum


  • They are a virtual optical instrument, both microscope and telescope, opening the way to journeys and discoveries otherwise unimaginable:

    Tridimensional representation of quadridimensional Calabi-Yau manifolds -Calabi-Yau manifolds attached to every point of a fractal tridimensional space- Where is the Universe?


  • A bit of all this at once?

    A dying Borg starship on Pluto


And is the mathematician then an inventor or an explorer? Perhaps both at once: "God made the integers, all the rest is the work of man(Leopold Kronecker, 1891). Will we ever know?



COMPUTER SCIENCE:

The great pioneers of computing and its automation were also most tly mathematicians.
  • John Neper ( logarithms and the slide rule, 1550-1617),
  • Blaise Pascal (the adding machine -la pascaline-, 1623-1662),
  • Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (the multiplying machine, 1646-1716),
  • Jacques Vaucanson (the automatons, 1709-1782),
  • Joseph Marie Jacquard (the loom, a precursor to programmable machines -first perforated supports: cards et ribbons-, 1752-1834),
  • Charles Babbage (the first computer -mechanical-, 1791-1871),
  • Lady Ada Lovelace (the firts programmer in history on Charles Babbage's machine, 1815-1852),
  • George Boole (the binary algebra {0,1}, 1815-1864),
  • John von Neumann (the von Neumann architecture, 1903-1957),
  • Alan Turing (computability, universal Turing machine The execution of a very simple program on a Turing Machine , 1912-1954),
  • etc...
Today, the links between Mathematics and Computer Science are becoming increasingly intertwined. This can be seen, for example, in proof assistants or again with Artificial Intelligence:

A Picture in the style of Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot -Courtesy of 'chatgpt.com'-


and of course in computation. Indeed, having equations and formulas that describe a given system (industrial or scientific) is not sufficient for engineers or researchers. They need predictions, and this naturally involves calculations. The days are long gone when Urbain Le Verrier, armed with nothing but a pencil, spent months calculating the position of the hypothetical planet Neptune. The days are also long gone when the early research described here was carried out using a computer with only 32 KB of memory:

A 1972 Télémécanique T1600 computer with a 32 KB central memory and two 512 KB disk drives. More than 50 years of progress in computer science -hardware and software-


After several years using assembly language as the sole means of expression (due to the physical limitations of that computer), the arrival of UNIX and then Linux systems immediately raised the issue of portability. This was addressed through the development of a complete programming environment that has been used continuously ever since. Three main objectives were thus achieved:



ART:

It has always been clear that, in certain purely scientific images, another perspective could be applied, as is very clearly illustrated by Benoît Mandelbrot Fractal Geometry:

An amazing cross-section inside the Menger Sponge -iteration 5- with a (4xO+1)/(1xO-1) conformal transformation in the octonionic space -tridimensional cross-section-


and that the tools thus developed could be diverted for purely artistic purposes and, for example, used to pay a "mathematical" tribute to some artists of the 20th century:

An aperiodic Penrose tiling of the plane -a Tribute to Piet Mondrian and Roger Penrose-






[More information and Full Site Contents]

Main Chapters
[Chapîtres principaux]


Mathematics
[Les Mathématiques]

Fractal Geometry
[La Géométrie Fractale]

Generative Artificial Intelligences
[Les Intelligences Artificielles Génératives]

Chaos
[Les Chaos]

Virtual Experimentation
[L'Expérimentation Virtuelle]

Virtual Space-Time Travel
[Le Voyage Virtuel dans l'Espace-Temps]

Picture Synthesis
[Synthèse d'Image]

Art and Science
[Art et Science]

Software Engineering
[Le Génie Logiciel]

Year 2000 Bug
[Le Bug de l'An 2000]

Miscellaneous
[Divers]

Picture Galleries
[Galeries d'Images]



Best Pictures
[Meilleures images]

Tridimensional representation of a quadridimensional Calabi-Yau manifold described by means of 5x5 Bidimensional Hilbert Curves -iteration 5- Tridimensional representation of quadridimensional Calabi-Yau manifolds -Calabi-Yau manifolds attached to every point of a fractal tridimensional space- Quark and gluon structure of a nucleon Tridimensional display of a linear superposition of 6 eigenstates of the Hydrogen atom (tridimensional computation) Tridimensional high resolution visualization of the Verhulst dynamics -'Time Ships', a Tribute to Stephen Baxter-
The Lorenz attractor Heterogeneous -tridimensional fractal field- random meshing of a cube The Menger Sponge -iteration 5- Untitled 0320 An amazing cross-section inside the Menger Sponge -iteration 5-
An amazing cross-section inside the Menger Sponge -iteration 5- with a (4xO+1)/(1xO-1) conformal transformation in the octonionic space -tridimensional cross-section- An extended Menger Sponge -iteration 7- displaying the 211.210.335 first digits -base 2- of 'pi' Along the border of the Mandelbrot set A foggy pseudo-quaternionic Mandelbrot set (a 'MandelBulb')-tridimensional cross-section- Close-up on a foggy pseudo-quaternionic Mandelbrot set with a 1/O conformal transformation in the octonionic space -tridimensional cross-section-
A pseudo-octonionic Mandelbrot set (a 'MandelBulb')-tridimensional cross-section- Close-up on a pseudo-octonionic Mandelbrot set (a 'Mandelbulb')-tridimensional cross-section- A pseudo-octonionic Mandelbrot set (a 'MandelBulb')-'children's corner' or 'the consciousness emerging from Mathematics'- -tridimensional cross-section- The quaternionic Julia set computed with A=(0,1,0,0)-tridimensional cross-section- A foggy pseudo-octonionic Julia set ('MandelBulb' like: a 'JuliaBulb')computed with A=(-0.581514...,+0.635888...,0,0,0,0,0,0) and with a 0 to pi rotation about the X axis -tridimensional cross-section-
Fractal 'celestial body' based on a torus with a 1/O conformal transformation in the octonionic space -tridimensional cross-section- The foggy Babel Tower -a Tribute to Brueghel the Elder- Mountains and fog Mountains at sunrise Mountains and fog
Mountains and light cloud dynamics -this sequence being periodical- Sunny Monument Valley Monument Valley at sunrise Botticelli anomaly on the Moon The journey of an Earth-like planet (green)in the Solar System -point of view of the virtual planet-
N-body problem integration (N=4: one star, one heavy planet and one light planet with a satellite)computed with 2 different optimization options on the same computer (sensitivity to rounding-off errors) The random walk of photons escaping the Sun Artistic view of the Big Bang Artistic view of the Cosmic Web (nodes, galaxy clusters, filaments,... including 1.083.984 galaxies)obtained by means of a non deterministic fractal process The same bidimensional scalar field displayed with 4 different color palettes
The Jeener hypocycloidal snail A tridimensional pseudo-random walk defined by means of 'pi': 3.141592... -90.000 digits, -base 10- with 30.000 time steps The 256 first digits -base 10- of 'pi' on a Bidimensional Hilbert Curve -iteration 4- mapped on a sphere A Tridimensional Hilbert-like Curve defined with {X2(...),Y2(...),Z2(...)} and based on an 'open' 3-foil torus knot -iteration 2- Three hexagons and the twenty-eight first strictly positive integer numbers -nine of them being prime numbers-
The level 3 cluster made of 8 'Spectre' level 2 clusters with display of all the key-points making quadrilaterals (8 small and a big one) 24 evenly distributed points on a sphere by means of simulated annealing A tridimensional fractal manifold defined by means of three tridimensional fields Quadruple impossible staircase built by means of a paradoxal structure -a Tribute to Maurits Cornelis Escher- Fractal Self-Portrait -'Décalcomanie', a Tribute to René Magritte-
Untitled 0155 -a Tribute to Yves Tanguy- Dissonance chaude/Dissonance froide -a Tribute to Paul Sérusier- Untitled 0305 The Mathematics are the key of the Multiverse The Birth of the Universe



New Pictures
[Nouvelles images]

Random pseudo-periodical quadrangulation of a cube -8x8x8- A random tiling of a square domain using 'generalized dominoes' made of a random number of squares Tridimensional fractal aggregate obtained by means of a 100% pasting process during collisions of particles submitted to an attractive central field of gravity Visualization of the Proth-Gilbreath Conjecture process The Proth-Gilbreath Conjecture -display of the G(Pi(x)) function for x E [1.2x10^15,1.3x10^15]-
Untitled 0671 Visualization of the Proth-Gilbreath Conjecture process for G(Pi(1.0025x10^15))=806. Elliptical trajectory of a planet around a star with perihelion advance (very exaggerated) Artistic view of the Proth-Gilbreath Conjecture -display of the process for the 1024 prime numbers following 613247...- An extended Menger Sponge -iteration 3- displaying the 10.665 first values of G(Pi(x)) modulo 2 of the Proth-Gilbreath conjecture
Artistic view of the Proth-Gilbreath Conjecture -display of the process for the 1024 prime numbers following 613247...- The Proth-Gilbreath Conjecture -display of the process for the 1024 prime numbers following 100215...- Mapping on a sphere family of a finite subset of a periodical tiling of the plane using 4 von Koch-like snowflakes -iteration 3- The Proth-Gilbreath Conjecture -display of the process for the 32 first prime numbers- Untitled 0668
The Proth-Gilbreath Conjecture -display of the process for the 64 first prime numbers- Untitled 0662 Untitled 0653 Untitled 0652 Untitled 0649
Untitled 0642 Mapping on a quadridimensional Calabi-Yau manifold of a finite subset of a periodical tiling of the plane using 4 von Koch-like snowflakes -iteration 3- Mapping on the Bonan-Jeener double bottle of a finite subset of a periodical tiling of the plane using 4 von Koch-like snowflakes -iteration 3- Mapping on the Klein bottle of a finite subset of a periodical tiling of the plane using 4 von Koch-like snowflakes -iteration 3- Mapping on the Möbius strip of a finite subset of a periodical tiling of the plane using 4 von Koch-like snowflakes -iteration 3-
Mapping on a torus of a finite subset of a periodical tiling of the plane using 4 von Koch-like snowflakes -iteration 3- Mapping on a sphere of a finite subset of a periodical tiling of the plane using 4 von Koch-like snowflakes -iteration 3- Artistic view of a tridimensional display of a periodical tiling of the plane using 2 von Koch-like snowflakes -iteration 3- Tridimensional display of a periodical tiling of the plane using 4 von Koch-like snowflakes -iteration 3- A periodical tiling of the plane using 3 von Koch-like snowflakes -iteration 3-
A periodical tiling of the plane using 3 von Koch-like snowflakes -iteration 5- A periodical tiling of the plane using 2 von Koch-like snowflakes -iteration 5- A periodical tiling of the plane using 2 von Koch-like snowflakes -iteration 5- A periodical tiling of the plane using 3 von Koch-like snowflakes -iteration 5- Quark and gluon structure of a nucleon
The execution of a very simple program on a Turing Machine The execution of a very simple program on a Turing Machine Close-up on a foggy pseudo-quaternionic Mandelbrot set with a 1/O conformal transformation in the octonionic space -tridimensional cross-section- An extended Menger Sponge -iteration 7- displaying the 211.210.335 first digits -base 2- of 'pi' Bidimensional closed self-avoiding brownian motion on a torus



Most Recent Pages
[Pages les plus récentes]




Proth-Gilbreath Conjecture
Beat the Andrew Odlyzko Record G(Pi(1013))=635 (1993)
G(Pi(1014))=693 (10/05/2025)
G(Pi(1015))=800 (01/23/2026)
Verification up to 1.5x10^15 (03/18/2026)

----------
Proth-Gilbreath Conjecture
Beat the Andrew Odlyzko Record G(Pi(1013))=635 (1993)
G(Pi(1014))=693 (10/05/2025)
G(Pi(1015))=800 (01/23/2026)
Verification up to 1.5x10^15 (03/18/2026)



Opinions (Pour La Science, 08/07/2023)
Les élucubrations mathématiques de ChatGPT



Droit de réponse



Peut-on parler intelligemment et calmement de l'Intelligence Artificielle?



The Y2038 bug

----------
The Y2038 bug



Picture Gallery:
A Tribute to Patrice Jeener (1944-2026)

[Galerie : Hommage à Patrice Jeener (1944-2026)]



ChatGPT 5 introduces and judges "A Virtual Machine for Exploring Space-Time and Beyond"

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ChatGPT 5 présente et juge "Une Machine Virtuelle à explorer l'Espace-Temps et au-delà"



Claude présente et juge "Une Machine Virtuelle à explorer l'Espace-Temps et au-delà"



Most Recently Updated Pages
[Pages mises à jour le plus récemment]




Les Défaillances de l'Informatique: une Nouvelle Menace?
L'exemple du Bug de l'An 2000



De L'Enseignement Assisté par Ordinateur à L'Expérimentation Virtuelle



A Quoi Servent (et Que Sont) les Mathématiques?
Où sont les Mathématiques?
Les Mathématiques, de la vie courante à la recherche fondamentale.
Les Mathématiques, une fenêtre ouverte sur l'Univers et au-delà.



Du Modèle Mathématique à l'Image: un Parcours semé d'Embûches



Foreword about Virtual Experimentation



Virtual Experimentation
(The place where Art and Science meet together)



Welcome to Mars
(1.000.000 settlers on Mars whitin a quarter century: the stupidest idea on Earth?)

----------
Welcome to Mars
(1.000.000 settlers on Mars whitin a quarter century: the stupidest idea on Earth?)



De la Perte de l'Associativité et de la Distributivité
ou
Les Nombres Flottants ne sont pas des Rationnels et encore moins des Réels



Most Interesting Pages (URL alphabetical order)
[Pages les plus intéressantes (ordre alphabétique des URL's)]




Are you Ready for the Year 2000?
[2000: A Data Processing Odyssey]



The Y2038 bug

----------
The Y2038 bug



Animation
of
Fractal Objects



Are Autostereograms Useful
for Computer Graphics
and Scientific Visualization?



Peut-on parler intelligemment et calmement de l'Intelligence Artificielle?



ChatGPT 3.5 (2023):
Myth and Reality -season 1-

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ChatGPT 3.5 (2023):
Myth and Reality -season 1-



ChatGPT 4o (2024), ChatGPT 5 (08/2025) and beyond:
Rapid and spectacular progress in all areas (reasoning, knowledge, imagination,...)

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ChatGPT 4o (2024), ChatGPT 5 (08/2025) and beyond:
Rapid and spectacular progress in all areas (reasoning, knowledge, imagination,...)



From Euclid to GPS

----------
From Euclid to GPS



De L'Enseignement Assisté par Ordinateur à L'Expérimentation Virtuelle



God and the Science

----------
Dieu et la Science



Generation and Animation of Intertwinings,
Larsen Effects and more

----------
Generation and Animation of Intertwinings,
Larsen Effects and more



Virtual Experimentation
(The place where Art and Science meet together)



Comprendre L'Expérimentation Virtuelle jusqu'à ses Limites



Exposition:
Ecole Polytechnique, Fête de la Science 10/2019



Exposition:
Ecole Polytechnique, Fête de la Science 10/2025



Are Floating Point Computations Reliable?
or again
Is a Computer a Perfect Computing Machine?

----------
Are Floating Point Computations Reliable?
or again
Is a Computer a Perfect Computing Machine?



Géométrie fractale et phénomènes naturels
("Dessine-moi un nuage")



Software Engineering



Golden Triangles and Plane non Periodical Penrose Tilings

----------
Golden Triangles and Plane non Periodical Penrose Tilings



Some questions regarding the Hugh Everett's Multiverse

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Some questions regarding the Hugh Everett's Multiverse



Generative Artificial Intelligences and Pictures Synthesis:
The Museum of Babel
The Virtual Museum of the 21th Century
(A Tribute to a Universal Artist?)

----------
Generative Artificial Intelligences and Pictures Synthesis:
The Museum of Babel
The Virtual Museum of the 21th Century
(A Tribute to a Universal Artist?)



La Fractale Ultime: un Hommage à Benoît Mandelbrot (1924-2010)



Synthesis of Impossible Structures

----------
Synthesis of Impossible Structures



On the Irreversibility of Digital Time

----------
On the Irreversibility of Digital Time



Are we alone in the Universe?
The Fermi Paradox: Definition, some Solutions,...

----------
Are we alone in the Universe?
The Fermi Paradox: Definition, some Solutions,...



Les Apprentis-Dieux
(Tout est Information)



Space filling Curves and Beyond:
From Squares and Cubes to Surfaces (bidimensional Manifolds) and tridimensional Manifolds

----------
Space filling Curves and Beyond:
From Squares and Cubes to Surfaces (bidimensional Manifolds) and tridimensional Manifolds



Transcendental Numbers

----------
Transcendental Numbers



A Quoi Servent (et Que Sont) les Mathématiques?
Où sont les Mathématiques?
Les Mathématiques, de la vie courante à la recherche fondamentale.
Les Mathématiques, une fenêtre ouverte sur l'Univers et au-delà.



From Monodimensional Binary Cellular Automata
to
Monodimensional "Quasi-Continuous" Cellular Automata,
(Random) Perturbations of Cellular Automata

----------
From Monodimensional Binary Cellular Automata
to
Monodimensional "Quasi-Continuous" Cellular Automata,
(Random) Perturbations of Cellular Automata



The Brownian Motion

----------
The Brownian Motion



Mouvements Relatifs et Observations Astronomiques
(le géocentrisme revisité)



Universe, Multiverse and Simulation
(A few remarks regarding the Multiverse)

----------
Universe, Multiverse and Simulation
(A few remarks regarding the Multiverse)



N-Dimensional Deterministic Fractal Sets
using Quaternions, Octonions and more
(MandelBulb, JuliaBulbs and beyond...)

----------
N-Dimensional Deterministic Fractal Sets
using Quaternions, Octonions and more
(MandelBulb, JuliaBulbs and beyond...)



Is a Computer a Perfect Computing Machine?

----------
Is a Computer a Perfect Computing Machine?



De la Perte de l'Associativité et de la Distributivité
ou
Les Nombres Flottants ne sont pas des Rationnels et encore moins des Réels



About the Countability of the Algebraic Numbers
(Polynomials with integer coefficients, Prime Numbers, Rational Numbers and Transcendent Numbers)

----------
About the Countability of the Algebraic Numbers
(Polynomials with integer coefficients, Prime Numbers, Rational Numbers and Transcendent Numbers)



Proth-Gilbreath Conjecture
Beat the Andrew Odlyzko Record G(Pi(1013))=635 (1993)
G(Pi(1014))=693 (10/05/2025)
G(Pi(1015))=800 (01/23/2026)
Verification up to 1.5x10^15 (03/18/2026)

----------
Proth-Gilbreath Conjecture
Beat the Andrew Odlyzko Record G(Pi(1013))=635 (1993)
G(Pi(1014))=693 (10/05/2025)
G(Pi(1015))=800 (01/23/2026)
Verification up to 1.5x10^15 (03/18/2026)



Quelques Questions et Remarques
sur
la Recherche, les Chercheurs et les Ingénieurs



Why do we Need Real Numbers?



Quelques Remarques sur le Cerveau



Stéréogrammes et Autostéréogrammes



Definition and Animation of Bi- and Tridimensional Manifolds
by Means of Pseudo-Projections,
Picture Self-Transformations

----------
Definition and Animation of Bi- and Tridimensional Manifolds
by Means of Pseudo-Projections,
Picture Self-Transformations



The Ulam Spiral and its generalizations

----------
The Ulam Spiral and its generalizations



Virtual (or Subjective) Chaos

----------
Virtual (or Subjective) Chaos



Welcome to Mars
(1.000.000 settlers on Mars whitin a quarter century: the stupidest idea on Earth?)

----------
Welcome to Mars
(1.000.000 settlers on Mars whitin a quarter century: the stupidest idea on Earth?)



Creativity
and
Simplicity



Un Environnement Portable
de Programmation
et
de Coopération sur Réseau Hétérogène
pour le Calcul Scientifique,
l'Analyse Visuelle des Résultats
et
les Tests de Sensibilité à la Précision des Calculs

Les Mathématiques:

Pour beaucoup d'entre-nous et en particulier parmi les jeunes, les Mathématiques ne servent à rien et sont absentes de la vie courante. Si elles sont ainsi perçues trois acteurs au moins en sont responsables:

  • D'une part les enseignants de toutes les disciplines (et plus particulièrement scientifiques) ne font peut-être pas l'effort nécessaire, mais en ont-ils les moyens?

  • D'autre part les gouvernants qui fixent les grandes lignes des politiques éducatives.

  • Enfin, les Mathématiques elles-mêmes. En effet, il est bien difficile de voir l'intérêt des recherches portant sur:

Et pourtant, une simple histoire peut rendre cet intérêt évident. Ainsi, la Géométrie (dite euclidienne), que l'on enseigne dès le primaire avec ses triangles, ses carrés,... repose sur quelques axiomes. L'un d'entre-eux, l' axiome des parallèles The parallel axiom of the Euclidian Geometry fut en réalité pendant deux millénaires une conjecture que nombreux furent ceux qui tentèrent d'en faire un théorème, mais en vain. Au milieu du XIXe siècle, il fallu se rendre à l'évidence: ce ne pouvait qu'être un axiome (donc indémontrable). Plusieurs grands mathématiciens tels Carl Friedrich Gauss, Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, Bernhard Riemann,... imaginèrent alors de nouvelles géométries en "jouant" sur cet axiome. Ainsi les physiciens, en particulier ceux qui étudient l'Univers, eurent alors entre leurs mains de nouveaux outils: à eux de savoir lesquels étaient alors utiles. Et c'est ainsi qu'en 1915, Albert Einstein publia un nouvel article révolutionnaire, "La Relativité Générale" dans lequel il montrait que l'espace-temps (à quatre dimensions) n'était pas euclidien: c'était une variété dite riemannienne dont la courbure conditionne les trajectoires des masses/énergies qui elles-mêmes provoquent cette courbure:

Gravitation and space-time curvature


Très rapidement de nombreux physiciens s'en emparèrent et en particulier Georges Lemaître qui se rendit compte alors que, malgré la croyance d'Albert Einstein, l'Univers ne pouvait pas être statique. En 1929, les observations d'Edwin Hubble (en collaboration avec Milton Humason) et Vesto Melvin Slipher montrèrent que les autres galaxies semblaient s'éloigner de nous, la Voie Lactée, d'autant plus vite qu'elles étaient plus lointaines, ce qui se voit par une analyse spectroscopique de leur lumière qui met alors en évidence un décalage vers le rouge des fréquences. L'Univers n'était donc pas statique, mais en expansion et si l'on regarde "le film à l'envers", il doit donc montrer une contraction vers une "singularité" (de dimension nulle et de densité infinie, dans le cadre de la Relativité Générale en ignorant la Mécanique Quantique...). Cette singularité fut surnommée "Big Bang" par Fred Hoyle dans les années 1950 pour dénigrer cette théorie préférant la sienne dite de l'état stationnaire, mais il dont il fut prouvé par la suite qu'elle n'était pas compatible avec les observations et les mesures.

La Relativité Générale permet donc de décrire l'Univers dans son intégralité:

Artistic view of the Cosmic Web (nodes, galaxy clusters, filaments,... including 1.083.984 galaxies)obtained by means of a non deterministic fractal process


mais aussi des phénomènes difficiles à appréhender tellement ils sont "cataclysmiques" comme les trous noirs ou les ondes gravitationnelles:

Artistic view of gravitational waves


On notera qu'Albert Einstein avait annoncé la possible existence de ces ondes, en ajoutant que probablement on ne les détecterait jamais. Et de fait, il fallut attendre un siècle pour que les deux interféromètres LIGO aux USA (états de Washington et de Louisiane) "voient" les premières le 14/09/2015. Pour moi, il s'agit là du plus bel exemple d'une découverte faite grace aux Mathématiques, alors que, sans ces dernières, ces ondes n'auraient pu êtres détectées par hasard, contrairement à l'expansion de l'Univers qui l'aurait été, "simplement" en observant le décalage vers le rouge de la lumière des galaxies lointaines et ce même si Georges Lemaître ne l'avait pas mise en évidence là encore grace à la Relativité Générale...

Dans notre quotidien, la Relativité Générale semble bien inutile et éloignée de nos préoccupations quotidiennes... Mais cela est complétement faux et ignoré du grand public! Ainsi, le GPS, omniprésent dans la vie courante, fait reposer les nécessaires mesures spatiales sur des mesures de durées, or le temps et l'espace sont intimement liés. Sans la prise en compte de la Relativité Générale (et de la Relativité Restreinte...), le GPS n'aurait que peu d'utilité!

Les mathématiques sont partout dans la vie courante, mais aussi évidemment dans l'industrie et dans la recherche la plus fondamentale: sans elles, par exemple, pas de Mécanique Quantique et donc pas de circuits intégrés et encore moins d'ordinateurs et de téléphones portables.

On ne peut échapper au sentiment que ces formules mathématiques ont une existence qui leur est propre, qu'elles sont plus savantes que ceux qui les ont découvertes, et que nous pouvons en extraire plus de science qu'il n'en a été mis à l'origine.

(Heinrich Hertz, XIXe siècle).

Mais pourquoi en est-il ainsi? Pourquoi cette "redoutable efficacité" (Eugène Wigner, Prix Nobel de Physique en 1963)? Et que sont les Mathématiques? En fait, plusieurs points de vue sont possibles:
  • Elles sont un jeu de l'esprit ainsi que le montre les conjectures:

    Tridimensional display of the Riemann Zeta function inside [-10.0,+60.0]x[-35.0,+35.0] (bird's-eye view)


  • Elles offrent un ensemble illimité d'analogies:

    Foggy island


  • Elles compriment les mesures et font émerger de nouvelles lois:

    N-body problem integration (N=2)displaying a perfect Keplerian orbit (an ellipse)


  • Elles sont LE langage de l'Univers (Galilée, XVI-XVIIe siècles)

    Free fall in the vacuum


  • Elles sont un instrument virtuel d'optique, tout à la fois microscope et téléscope, ouvrant la voie à des voyages et des découvertes autrement inimaginables:

    Tridimensional representation of quadridimensional Calabi-Yau manifolds -Calabi-Yau manifolds attached to every point of a fractal tridimensional space- Artistic view of the Cosmic Web (nodes, galaxy clusters, filaments,... including 637.312 galaxies)obtained by means of a non deterministic fractal process


  • Un peu tout cela à la fois?

    A dying Borg starship on Pluto


Et le mathématicien est-il alors un inventeur ou un explorateur? Peut-être les deux à la fois: "Dieu a fait les nombres entiers, tout le reste est l'œuvre de l'homme" (Leopold Kronecker, 1891). Le saurons-nous jamais?



L'INFORMATIQUE:

Les grands pionniers du calcul et de son automatisation furent aussi, pour la plupart, des mathématiciens:
  • John Neper ( logarithms and the slide rule, 1550-1617),
  • Blaise Pascal (the adding machine -la pascaline-, 1623-1662),
  • Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (the multiplying machine, 1646-1716),
  • Jacques Vaucanson (the automatons, 1709-1782),
  • Joseph Marie Jacquard (the loom, a precursor to programmable machines -first perforated supports: cards et ribbons-, 1752-1834),
  • Charles Babbage (the first computer -mechanical-, 1791-1871),
  • Lady Ada Lovelace (the firts programmer in history on Charles Babbage's machine, 1815-1852),
  • George Boole (the binary algebra {0,1}, 1815-1864),
  • John von Neumann (the von Neumann architecture, 1903-1957),
  • Alan Turing (computability, universal Turing machine The execution of a very simple program on a Turing Machine , 1912-1954),
  • etc...
Aujourd'hui les liens entre Mathématiques et Informatique sont de plus en plus entrelacés. Cela se voit, par exemple, avec les vérificateurs de preuve ou encore l'Intelligence Artificielle:

A Picture in the style of Rembrandt -Courtesy of 'www.bing.com'-


ou encore évidemment le calcul. En effet, disposer des équations et des formules décrivant un certain système (industriel ou scientifique) ne suffit pas à l'ingénieur ou au chercheur. Il leur faut des prédictions et cela passe évidemment par des calculs. Il est loin le temps où Urbain Le Verrier, armé d'un seul crayon, avait calculé pendant des mois la position de l'hypothétique planète Neptune. Il est loin aussi le temps des débuts des recherches ici relatées équipé d'un ordinateur dont la mémoire ne faisait que 32 Ko:

A 1972 Télémécanique T1600 computer with a 32 KB central memory and two 512 KB disk drives. More than 50 years of progress in computer science -hardware and software-


Après quelques années avec un langage d'assemblage pour seul moyen d'expression (et ce à cause des limitations physiques de cet ordinateur), avec l'arrivée de systèmes UNIX puis Linux s'est immédiatement posé le problème de la portabilité résolu alors par le développement d'un environnement de programmation complet utilisé sans discontinuité depuis. Trois objectifs principaux étaient ainsi satisfaits:



L'ART:

Il a toujours été évident que sur certaines images purement scientifiques un autre regard pouvait être porté, comme l'illustre très nettement la Géométrie Fractale de Benoît Mandelbrot:

A foggy pseudo-octonionic Julia set ('MandelBulb' like: a 'JuliaBulb')computed with A=(-0.581514...,+0.635888...,0,0,0,0,0,0) -tridimensional cross-section-


et que les outils ainsi développés pouvaient être détournés à des fins purement artistiques et alors, par exemple, rendre un hommage "mathématique" à quelques artistes du XXe siècle:

Untitled 0599 -a Tribute to Robert & Sonia Delaunay-






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Copyright © Jean-François COLONNA, 1994-2026.
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